The GO (Gene Ontology) database was established by the Gene Ontology Association in 1988. The database classifies and aggregates all the research results related to genes in the world. GO standardizes the biological terms of genes and gene products in different databases, and uniformly defines and describes the functions of genes and proteins. GO has developed a standard language (ontologies) with a tertiary structure in order to make the functional description of gene products in various databases consistent, which can classify and annotate genes and gene products in the following three aspects,
Below these three major branches, there are many small levels. The larger the level number is, the more detailed the function description will be. The top three branches are regarded as level1, and the subsequent levels are level2, level3 and level4. The GO annotation provides an overview of the functional classification of all gene products of a species. At present, the defined rules of GO have been used in multiple cooperative databases, making these databases highly consistent in their queries.
Fig.1 GO analysis of differentially expressed genes between M and JP. (Ji X, et al. 2020)
In microbial research, GO analysis can be used for the following purposes,
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